Virtual Fly Brain
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  • Latest (Release: v4 2026.03.23)
  • Latest (Release: v4 2026.03.23)
    • News
      • VFB MCP Tool Launch
      • NeuroFly 2026
      • FlyBase Funding
      • Updated NBLAST scores
      • NeuroFly 2024
      • Neuron display in VFBconnect
      • Neurotransmitter Predictions
      • FlyBase Split-GAL4 reports
      • Transcriptomics data
      • Larval split-GAL4 raw images
      • Safari Issue Fix
      • Google Issue
    • Releases
      • Content Report
      • VFB Geppetto Releases
      • Adult Brain fru clones (Cachero2010)
      • Adult VNC neuropils (Court2020)
      • Adult VNS neuropils (Court2017)
      • AMMC local and projection neurons (Matsuo2016)
      • Biomechanical origins of proprioceptive maps in the Drosophila leg
      • BrainName neuropils and tracts - Ito half-brain
      • BrainName neuropils on adult brain JFRC2 (Jenett, Shinomya)
      • BrainTrap lines (Knowles-Barley2010)
      • central brain neurons by lineage, Lee2020
      • central brain neurons by lineage, Lee2020
      • Comparative Connectomics Reveals How Partner Identity, Location, and Activity Specify Synaptic Connectivity in Drosophila (Valdes-Aleman et al. 2021)
      • Dickson lab VT line collection - VDRC images
      • Dickson lab VT lines - FlyLight/Janelia images (2017)
      • EM FAFB Baltruschat et al 2021
      • EM FAFB Bates and Schlegel et al 2020
      • EM FAFB Coates et al 2020
      • EM FAFB Dolan and Belliart-Guerin et al. 2018
      • EM FAFB Dolan et al. 2019
      • EM FAFB Engert et al. 2022
      • EM FAFB Felsenberg et al. 2018
      • EM FAFB Gorko et al 2024
      • EM FAFB Hampel and Eichler et al 2020
      • EM FAFB Kim et al 2020
      • EM FAFB Kind et al. 2021
      • EM FAFB Marin et al 2020
      • EM FAFB Morimoto et al 2020
      • EM FAFB Otto et al 2020
      • EM FAFB Sayin et al 2019
      • EM FAFB Shiu et al. 2022
      • EM FAFB Taisz and Galili et al., 2022
      • EM FAFB Turner-Evans et al 2020
      • EM FAFB Wang et al 2020a
      • EM FAFB Wang et al 2020b
      • EM FAFB Wang et al 2020c
      • EM FAFB Zhao et al., 2023
      • EM FAFB Zheng et al 2018
      • EM FAFB Zheng et al 2020
      • EM FANC Maniates-Selvin et al 2020
      • EM L1 Andrade et al. 2019
      • EM L1 Barnes et al., 2022
      • EM L1 Carreira-Rosario, Arzan Zarin, Clark et al. 2018
      • EM L1 Eschbach et al 2020
      • EM L1 Eschbach et al 2020b
      • EM L1 Imambocus et al., 2022
      • EM L1 Jovanic et al. 2019
      • EM L1 Mark et al. 2019
      • EM L1 Miroschnikow et al. 2018
      • EM L1 Tastekin et al 2018
    • Ontologies
      • VFB Image Ontology
        • _broad D1 (L1EM:7941652)
        • _broad D1 (L1EM:8198416)
        • _IPC 2 (L1EM:10459723)
        • _IPC 2 (L1EM:2852273)
        • _SOG IN (L1EM:14962387)
        • _SOG IN (L1EM:19431430)
        • _telegoro-1 (L1EM:3764792)
        • _telegoro-1 (L1EM:5754346)
        • _Two-headed cobra (L1EM:19046339)
        • _Two-headed cobra (L1EM:2988292)
        • _WS (L1EM:2935173)
        • _WS (L1EM:3946432)
        • (ADL05)_R
        • (ADL08)_L
        • (ADL08)_L
        • (ADL08)_L
        • (ADL08)_L
        • (ADL08)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
        • (ADM01)_L
      • Datasets
      • Drosophila Anatomy Ontology
        • 1-1M
        • 1st axillary sclerite
        • 1st axillary sclerite
        • 1st posterior cell
        • 2nd axillary sclerite
        • 2nd axillary sclerite
        • 2nd posterior cell
        • 3-1M
        • 3rd axillary sclerite
        • 3rd axillary sclerite
        • 3rd posterior cell
        • 4th axillary sclerite
        • 4th axillary sclerite
        • 5-6I of abdomen
        • 5-6I of thorax
        • 5-HTPLP
        • 5-HTPMP
        • 5-HTPMPD
        • 5-HTPMPV
        • A1-7 acute muscle
        • A1-7 acute muscle
        • A1-7 acute muscle cell
        • A1-7 DA1 motor neuron
        • A1-7 DA2sib neuron
        • A1-7 DA3 motor neuron
        • A1-7 DA3sib neuron
        • A1-7 DA3sib neuron
        • A1-7 DO1sib neuron
        • A1-7 DO2 motor neuron
        • A1-7 DO2sib neuron
        • A1-7 DO3 motor neuron
        • A1-7 DO4 motor neuron
        • A1-7 DO5 motor neuron
        • A1-7 dorsal acute muscle
        • A1-7 dorsal acute muscle
        • A1-7 dorsal acute muscle 1
        • A1-7 dorsal acute muscle 1
        • A1-7 dorsal acute muscle 2
        • A1-7 dorsal acute muscle 2
        • A1-7 dorsal acute muscle 3
        • A1-7 dorsal acute muscle 3
        • A1-7 dorsal acute muscle cell
        • A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle
        • A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle
        • A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 1
        • A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 1
        • A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 2
        • A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 2
        • A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 3
        • A1-7 dorsal oblique muscle 3
      • FlyBase
        • 1-ACYLGLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE O-ACYLTRANSFERASES
        • 128up
        • 14-3-3 PROTEINS
        • 14-3-3ε
        • 14-3-3ζ
        • 140up
        • 18SrRNA-Ψ:CR41602
        • 18SrRNA-Ψ:CR45861
        • 18SrRNA:CR41548
        • 18SrRNA:CR45838
        • 18SrRNA:CR45841
        • 18w
        • 2-OXOGLUTARATE-DEPENDENT DIOXYGENASES
        • 26-29-p
        • 26S PROTEASOME
        • 26S PROTEASOME - TESTIS-SPECIFIC VARIANT
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR40596
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR40741
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR41609
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR45848
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR45851
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR45853
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR45855
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR45859
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR45860
        • 28SrRNA-Ψ:CR45862
        • 28SrRNA:CR45837
        • 28SrRNA:CR45844
        • 2mit
        • 2SrRNA-Ψ:CR40677
        • 2SrRNA-Ψ:CR45850
        • 2SrRNA-Ψ:CR45858
        • 2SrRNA:CR45836
        • 2SrRNA:CR45840
        • 2SrRNA:CR45843
        • 2SrRNA:CR45864
        • 3-HYDROXYACYL-COA DEHYDROGENASES
        • 3'-5'-EXODEOXYRIBONUCLEASES
        • 3'-5'-EXORIBONUCLEASES
        • 3'-TRNA PROCESSING ENDORIBONUCLEASES
        • 4E-T
        • 5-HT1A
        • 5-HT1B
        • 5-HT2A
        • 5-HT2B
        • 5-HT7
        • 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (SEROTONIN) GPCRs
        • 5.8SrRNA-Ψ:CR45849
        • 5.8SrRNA-Ψ:CR45854
        • 5.8SrRNA-Ψ:CR45857
      • FlyBase Developmental Ontology
        • adult age in days
        • adult stage
        • adult stage A1
        • adult stage A2
        • adult stage A3
        • age
        • biological process
        • blastoderm stage
        • cleavage stage
        • day 0 of adulthood
        • day 1 of adulthood
        • day 10 of adulthood
        • day 11 of adulthood
        • day 12 of adulthood
        • day 13 of adulthood
        • day 14 of adulthood
        • day 15 of adulthood
        • day 16 of adulthood
        • day 17 of adulthood
        • day 18 of adulthood
        • day 19 of adulthood
        • day 2 of adulthood
        • day 20 of adulthood
        • day 21 of adulthood
        • day 22 of adulthood
        • day 23 of adulthood
        • day 24 of adulthood
        • day 25 of adulthood
        • day 26 of adulthood
        • day 27 of adulthood
        • day 28 of adulthood
        • day 29 of adulthood
        • day 3 of adulthood
        • day 30 of adulthood
        • day 31 of adulthood
        • day 32 of adulthood
        • day 33 of adulthood
        • day 34 of adulthood
        • day 35 of adulthood
        • day 36 of adulthood
        • day 37 of adulthood
        • day 38 of adulthood
        • day 39 of adulthood
        • day 4 of adulthood
        • day 40 of adulthood
        • day 41 of adulthood
        • day 42 of adulthood
        • day 43 of adulthood
        • day 44 of adulthood
        • day 45 of adulthood
      • FlyBase Controlled Vocabulary
        • 10x sequencing
        • abnormal adult locomotory behavior
        • abnormal adult walking behavior
        • abnormal aging
        • abnormal anesthesia-resistant memory
        • abnormal auditory perception
        • abnormal axis specification
        • abnormal behavior
        • abnormal body color
        • abnormal body size
        • abnormal body weight
        • abnormal cell adhesion
        • abnormal cell cycle
        • abnormal cell death
        • abnormal cell growth
        • abnormal cell migration
        • abnormal cell number
        • abnormal cell polarity
        • abnormal cell shape
        • abnormal cell size
        • abnormal chemosensitive behavior
        • abnormal circadian behavior
        • abnormal circadian rhythm
        • abnormal cold stress response
        • abnormal copulation
        • abnormal courtship behavior
        • abnormal cytokinesis
        • abnormal developmental rate
        • abnormal diapause
        • abnormal DNA repair
        • abnormal dorsal/ventral axis specification
        • abnormal eclosion
        • abnormal eclosion rhythm
        • abnormal endomitotic cell cycle
        • abnormal eye color
        • abnormal feeding behavior
        • abnormal flight
        • abnormal gravitaxis
        • abnormal grooming behavior
        • abnormal hatching behavior
        • abnormal heat stress response
        • abnormal immune response
        • abnormal jump response
        • abnormal jumping
        • abnormal larval locomotory behavior
        • abnormal learning
        • abnormal locomotor behavior
        • abnormal locomotor rhythm
        • abnormal long-term memory
        • abnormal mating
      • Gene Ontology
        • ((1,6)-alpha-glucosyl)poly((1,4)-alpha-glucosyl)glycogenin => poly{(1,4)-alpha-glucosyl} glycogenin + alpha-D-glucose
        • (1->3)-beta-D-glucan binding
        • (1->3)-beta-D-glucan immune receptor activity
        • (2'-deoxy)adenosine + ATP => (d)AMP + ADP (ADK)
        • (3R)-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase activity
        • (d)ADP + ADP <=> (d)AMP + ATP (AK1)
        • (d)CDP or UDP + ADP <=> (d)CMP or UMP + ATP (CMPK1)
        • (d)GMP + ATP <=> (d)GDP + ADP (GUK1)
        • (d)NTP + ADP <=> (d)NDP + ATP (NME1,2,3)
        • (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido) succinate lyase (fumarate-forming) activity
        • (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase activity
        • [acyl-carrier-protein] S-malonyltransferase activity
        • [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine 3-sulfotransferase 1 activity
        • [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase activity
        • [pyruvate dehydrogenase (lipoamide)] phosphatase activity
        • 1-acyl LPE is acylated to PE by LPEAT
        • 1-acyl LPE is hydrolyzed to GPETA by PLA2G4C
        • 1-acylglycerophosphocholine O-acyltransferase activity
        • 1-palmitoylglycerone phosphate + hexadecanol => O-hexadecylglycerone phosphate + palmitate
        • 1-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase activator activity
        • 1-phosphatidylinositol binding
        • 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase regulator activity
        • 1-phosphatidylinositol-5-kinase activity
        • 1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase activity
        • 1-PP-IP5 is phosphorylated to 1,5-(PP)2-IP4 by IP6K1/3 in the cytosol
        • 1,2-diacyl-glycerol + acyl-CoA => triacylglycerol + CoASH [DGAT2]
        • 1,4-alpha-glucan branching enzyme activity
        • 1,4-alpha-oligoglucan phosphorylase activity
        • 1/3 PP-IP5 is dephosphorylated to IP6 by NUDT(1) in the cytosol
        • 14-3-3 protein binding
        • 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity
        • 17-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (NADP+) activity
        • 17-beta-ketosteroid reductase activity
        • 2 H2O2 => O2 + 2 H2O
        • 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
        • 2-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)histidine synthase activity
        • 2-hydroxy-3-methylhexadecanoyl-CoA lyase activity
        • 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase activity
        • 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity
        • 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase activity, forward reaction
        • 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA => pristanal + formyl-CoA
        • 2-iminobutanoate deaminase activity
        • 2-iminobutanoate/2-iminopropanoate deaminase
        • 2-LTR formation due to circularization of viral DNA
        • 2-MAG and DAG are transacylated to TAG by PNPLA2/3
        • 2-oxoglutarate + NADPH + H+ => (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + NADP+ [mutant IDH1]
        • 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase activity
        • 2-Phospho-D-glycerate <=> 3-Phospho-D-glycerate
        • 2-Phospho-D-glycerate <=> Phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O
        • 2'-deoxyribonucleotide biosynthetic process
      • Sequence types and features ontology
        • <new term>
        • 2KB_downstream_variant
        • 2KB_upstream_variant
        • 3_prime_UTR_elongation
        • 3_prime_UTR_exon_variant
        • 3_prime_UTR_intron_variant
        • 3_prime_UTR_truncation
        • 3_prime_UTR_variant
        • 3D_polypeptide_structure_variant
        • 4_methylcytosine
        • 5_carboxylcytosine
        • 5_formylcytosine
        • 5_hydroxymethylcytosine
        • 5_methylcytosine
        • 5_prime_UTR_elongation
        • 5_prime_UTR_exon_variant
        • 5_prime_UTR_intron_variant
        • 5_prime_UTR_premature_start_codon_gain_variant
        • 5_prime_UTR_premature_start_codon_loss_variant
        • 5_prime_UTR_premature_start_codon_variant
        • 5_prime_UTR_truncation
        • 5_prime_UTR_variant
        • 500B_downstream_variant
        • 5KB_downstream_variant
        • 5KB_upstream_variant
        • 8_oxoadenine
        • 8_oxoguanine
        • A_box_type_1
        • A_box_type_2
        • A_minor_RNA_motif
        • A_to_C_transversion
        • A_to_G_transition
        • A_to_T_transversion
        • AACCCT_box
        • aberrant_processed_transcript
        • accessible_DNA_region
        • Ace2_UAS
        • active_peptide
        • adaptive_island
        • alanine
        • alanine_tRNA_primary_transcript
        • alanyl_tRNA
        • allele
        • allelic_frequency
        • allelically_excluded
        • allelically_excluded_gene
        • allopolyploid
        • alpha_beta_motif
        • alteration_attribute
        • alternate_sequence_site
      • GENO ontology
        • allele
        • allele origin
        • allele set
        • allelic cellular distribution
        • allelic genotype
        • allelic phase
        • allelic state
        • allosomal inheritance
        • amino acid residue
        • amino acid sequence
        • ancestral polymorphic allele
        • aneusomic
        • aneusomic chromosomal part
        • aneusomic chromosome
        • aneusomic zygosity
        • autosomal dominant inheritance
        • autosomal inheritance
        • autosomal recessive inheritance
        • background genome
        • biological process
        • biological sequence
        • biological sequence or set
        • biological sequence set
        • biological sequence unit
        • biparental allele origin
        • chromosomal band intensity
        • chromosomal deletion inheritance
        • chromosomal duplication inheritance
        • chromosomal inheritance
        • chromosomal rearrangement inheritance
        • chromosomal region
        • chromosome sub-band
        • clonal
        • co-dominant autosomal inheritance
        • co-dominant X-linked inheritance
        • co-dominant Z-linked inheritance
        • complete autosomal dominant inheritance
        • complete X-linked dominant inheritance
        • complete Z-linked dominant inheritance
        • compound heterozygous
        • constitutional
        • copy number complement
        • danio rerio gene
        • danio rerio strain
        • de novo allele origin
        • digenic inheritance
        • diplotype
        • disomic zygosity
        • DNA residue
        • DNA sequence
      • Information Artifact Ontology
        • analysis subset ontology module
        • base ontology module
        • bridge ontology module
        • curation status specification
        • curation subset ontology module
        • data about an ontology part
        • data item
        • denotator type
        • editors ontology module
        • EL++ ontology module
        • exclusion subset ontology module
        • external import ontology module
        • generated ontology module
        • IAO_0000005
        • IAO_0000104
        • import ontology module
        • information content entity
        • main release ontology module
        • measurement unit label
        • obo basic subset ontology module
        • obsolescence reason specification
        • ontology module
        • ontology module subsetted by expressivity
        • ontology module subsetted by OWL profile
        • reasoned ontology module
        • single layer subset ontology module
        • species subset ontology module
        • subset ontology module
        • taxonomic bridge ontology module
        • template generated ontology module
      • Phenotype And Trait Ontology
        • 2-D shape
        • 3-D shape
        • abnormal
        • absent
        • acidophilic
        • acinar
        • altered number of
        • amount
        • anatomical histological quality
        • anatomical structure quality
        • anucleate
        • aplastic/hypoplastic
        • atrophied
        • auxotrophic
        • basophilic
        • biconcave
        • bilateral
        • binucleate
        • biological sex
        • branched
        • branchiness
        • cellular potency
        • cellular quality
        • cellularity
        • ciliatedness
        • circular
        • closed
        • closure
        • collagenous
        • color
        • composition
        • concave
        • concavity
        • condensed
        • continuous
        • contractile
        • contractility
        • convex 3-D shape
        • curvature
        • curved
        • cylindrical
        • decreased amount
        • decreased efficacy
        • decreased fecundity
        • decreased female fertility
        • decreased fertility
        • decreased male fertility
        • decreased mass
        • decreased object quality
        • decreased occurrence
      • Basic Formal Ontology
        • BFO_0000009
        • continuant
        • disposition
        • entity
        • fiat object part